Hydration: Drinking plenty of fluids, especially water, helps dilute urine and prevents the formation of stones.

Dietary Adjustments: Depending on the type of stone, dietary changes may be recommended. For example: 01) Calcium oxalate stones: Reduce foods high in oxalates like spinach, beets, and chocolate. 02) Uric acid stones: Limit animal proteins like red meat and shellfish. 03) Struvite stones: May require treatment of underlying urinary tract infections.

Avoiding Excessive Salt and Sugar: Reducing sodium and sugary foods can help prevent stone formation.

Managing Obesity and Diabetes: Proper weight management and controlling blood sugar levels can reduce the risk of kidney stones.

Pain Management: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen are commonly used to relieve pain.

Alpha Blockers: Medications like tamsulosin can help relax the muscles of the urinary tract, making it easier to pass the stone.

Potassium Citrate: This medication can help reduce the formation of uric acid stones by alkalizing the urine.

Small Stones: Many small stones pass naturally through urine with the help of pain management and hydration.

Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL): This non-invasive procedure uses shock waves to break up stones into smaller fragments that can be passed out through the urine.

Ureteroscopy: A thin tube is passed through the urinary tract to locate and remove or break up stones.

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL): This procedure is used for larger stones or those in difficult-to-reach areas. It involves a small incision in the back to remove the stone.